扒: to peel, to skin, to tear, to pull down, to cling to (sth on which one is climbing), to dig...
上空: overhead, in the sky...
独立自主: independent and autonomous (idiom); self-determination, to act independently, to maintain control over one's own affairs...
这些: these...
证: certificate, proof, to prove, to demonstrate, to confirm, variant of...
他们: they...
电车: trolleybus...
早期: early period, early phase, early stage...
打电话: to make a telephone call...
牙刷: toothbrush...
